The Fear Paradox Read online

Sartre, J. (2006). Preface. In H. Alleg, The question (J. Calder, Trans.), (pp. xxvii–xliv). Lincoln, NE: U of Nebraska Press. (Original work published 1958).

  Schaller, M. (2014, Oct). When and how disgust is and is not implicated in the behavioral immune system. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 8(4) pp.251–256.

  Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2011). The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2), 99–103.

  Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about danger and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 637–649.

  Schiff, S. (2015). The Witches: Salem, 1692. UK: Hachette.

  Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Maner, J. K. (2008). Exploring human freeze responses to a threat stressor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39(3), 292–304.

  Scott, R. (2006). The aesthetic faculty. In Turner, M. (Ed.) The artful mind: Cognitive science and the riddle of human creativity (pp. 211–224). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

  Shapin, S. (2018). The scientific revolution. (2nd ed.) Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.

  Shipman, P. (2015). The invaders. How humans and their dogs drove Neanderthals to extinction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Shklar, J. (1989). The liberalism of fear. In Rosenblum, N.L. (Ed.), Liberalism and the moral life (pp. 21–38). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  Siviy, S. M. (1998). Neurobiological substrates of play behavior: glimpses into the structure and function of mammalian playfulness. In Beckoff, M. and Byers, J. (Eds.), Animal play: Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives (pp. 221–242). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  Siviy, S. M. (2016). A brain motivated to play: insights into the neurobiology of playfulness. Behaviour, 153 (6–7), 819–844.

  Siviy, S. M., & Harrison, K. A. (2008). Effects of neonatal handling on play behavior and fear towards a predator odor in juvenile rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122(1), 1–8.

  Slade, A. (2014). Imagining fear: Attachment, threat and psychic experience. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 24:253–266: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

  Solnit, R. (2016). Hope in the dark: Untold histories, wild possibilities. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books.

  Spitz, E. H. (1988). The artistic image and the inward gaze: toward a merging of perspectives. Psychoanalytic Review, 75 (1), 111–128.

  Spitz, E. H. (1996). Between image and child: Further reflections on picture books. American Imago, 53(2), 177–190.

  Steen, F. (2006). The aesthetic faculty. In Turner, M. (Ed.) The artful mind: Cognitive science and the riddle of human creativity (pp. 57–72). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

  Stevens, J. R., & Hauser, M. D. (2005). Cooperative brains: Psychological constraints on the evolution of altruism. In Dehaene, S., Duhamel, J., Hauser, M., and Rizzolatti, G. (Eds.), From monkey brain to human brain: A Fyssen Foundation symposium, (pp. 159–187). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

  Stiglitz, J. (2009). Progress, what progress? OECD Observer, 272.

  Strachey, J. (1959). Introduction. In Freud S., The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XX (1925–1926): An autobiographical study, inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety, the question of lay analysis and other works (pp. 75–176). London: The Hogarth Press.

  Suddendorf, T. (2013). The Gap: The science of what separates us from other animals. New York, NY: Basic Books.

  Suddendorf, T. (2013). Mental time travel: continuities and discontinuities. Trends in cognitive sciences, 17(4), 151–152.

  Suler, J. (1996). Mental imagery in the organization and transformation of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 83(5), 657–672.

  Summers, F. (2000). The analyst’s vision of the patient and therapeutic action. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 17(3), 547–564.

  Takahashi, L. K., Nakashima, B. R., Hong, H., & Watanabe, K. (2005). The smell of danger: a behavioral and neural analysis of predator odor-induced fear. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29(8), 1157–1167.

  Tillich, P. (2000). The courage to be (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1958.)

  Torchia, N. J. (1988). Curiositas in the early philosophical writings of Saint Augustine. Augustinian Studies, 19, 111–119.

  Tranel, D., Gullickson, G., Koch, M., & Adolphs, R. (2006). Altered experience of emotion following bilateral amygdala damage. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11(3), 219–232.

  Turner, J.F. (2002). A brief history of illusion. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 83:1063–1082.

  Turner, M. (2006). Prologue. In Turner, M. (Ed.) The artful mind: Cognitive science and the riddle of human creativity (pp. xv–xvi). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

  Turner, M. (2006). The aesthetic faculty. In Turner, M. (Ed.) The artful mind: Cognitive science and the riddle of human creativity (pp. 93–114). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

  Vaidyanathan, U., Hall, J. R., Patrick, C. J., & Bernat, E. M. (2011). Clarifying the role of defensive reactivity deficits in psychopathy and antisocial personality using startle reflex methodology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(1), 253–258.

  Volchan, E., Souza, G. G., Franklin, C. M., Norte, C.E., Rocha-Rego, V., Oliveira, J., David, I. A., Mendlowicz, M.V., Freire Coutinho, E.S., Fiszman, A., Berger, W., Marques-Portella, C., & Figueria, I. (2011). Is there tonic immobility in humans? Biological evidence from victims of traumatic stress. Biological Psychology 88(1), 13–19.

  Wardak, C., Ben Hamed, S., & Duhamel, J. R. (2005). Parietal mechanism of selective attention in monkeys and humans. In Dehaene, S., Duhamel, J., Hauser, M., and Rizzolatti, G. (Eds.), From monkey brain to human rain: A Fyssen Foundation symposium, (pp. 273–291). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

  Watts, A. (2011). The wisdom of insecurity: A message for an age of anxiety. (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Vintage Books. (Original work published 1951.)

  Weinberg, E. (2006). Mentalization, affect regulation, and development of the self. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 54(1), 251–269.

  Wertheim, J. (2010). Lost in space: the spiritual crisis of Newtonian cosmology. In Bryson, B. (Ed.), Seeing further: The story of science, discovery, and the genius of the Royal Society. (pp. 59–81). New York, NY: William Morrow / HarperCollins.

  Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 411–418.

  Wilson, P. J. (1988). The domestication of the human species. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

  Wright, Kenneth (2009). Mirroring and attunement: Self-realization in psychoanalysis and art. London and New York: Routledge.

  Zeki, S. (2006). The aesthetic faculty. In Turner, M. (Ed.) The artful mind: Cognitive science and the riddle of human creativity (pp. 243–270). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

  Zilles, K. (2005). Evolution of the human brain and comparative cyto-and receptor architecture. In Dehaene, S., Duhamel, J., Hauser, M., and Rizzolatti, G. (Eds.), From monkey brain to human brain: A Fyssen Foundation symposium, (pp. 41–56). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

  Endnotes

  Introduction

  1See Tillich, P. (2000). The courage to be (2nd ed.). New Haven & London: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1958)

  See also Watts, A. (2011). The wisdom of insecurity: A message for an age of anxiety. (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Vintage Books. (Original work published 1951)

  2 Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 17(3), 327–335.

&
nbsp; 3All patient material in this book is comprehensively disguised. In support of this, all relevant data, conclusions and meanings presented through these patient studies are a composite of clinical understandings from numerous patient cases demonstrating the salient variables. All of these efforts are to insure confidentiality, reliability and validity.

  4See Danforth, L. M. (1989). Firewalking and religious healing: the Anastenaria of Greece and the American firewalking movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  5Ralph Waldo Emerson “Old Age,” Society and Solitude (1870), p. 24

  Chapter One

  6See Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IV (1900):

  See also Jung, C. G. (1917). On the psychology of the unconscious. Coll. wks, 7, 9–119.

  7Pinker, Steven (2008) The stuff of thought. New York: Penguin. p. 242–243

  8See Spitz, Rene A. “Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood.” The psychoanalytic study of the child 1, no. 1 (1945): 53–74.

  9In using the term maternal, I am referring less to gender and more to a specific quality of loving care.

  10See Grotstein, J. S. (1993). A reappraisal of WRD Fairbairn. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 57(4), 421.

  11See Burghardt, G. M. (1998). The evolutionary origins of play revisited: lessons from turtles. In Beckoff, M. and Byers, J. (Eds.), Animal play: Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives (pp. 1–26). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  12See Winnicott, D. W. (2012). Playing and reality. Routledge.

  13See Brown, S. (1998). Play as an organizing principle: clinical evidence and personal observations. In Beckoff, M. and Byers, J. (Eds.), Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives (pp. 243–259). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  14See Goodall, J. (1977). Infant killing and cannibalism in free-living chimpanzees. Folia primatologica, 28(4), 259–282.

  15Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009). Children’s expressions of exhilaration and fear in risky play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 10(2), 92–106.

  16See Cook, S., Peterson, L., & DiLillo, D. (2000). Fear and exhilaration in response to risk: An extension of a model of injury risk in a real-world context. Behavior Therapy, 30(1), 5–15.

  17Ibid.

  18Siegel, D.J. (2015) Brainstorm: The power and purpose of the teenage brain. Chicago. Penguin.

  19See Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009). Children’s expressions of exhilaration and fear in risky play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 10(2), 92–106.

  20See Biben, M. (1998). Squirrel monkey playfighting: making the case for a cognitive training function for play. In Beckoff, M. and Byers, J. (Eds.), Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives (pp. 161–182). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

  21See Siviy, S. M., & Harrison, K. A. (2008). Effects of neonatal handling on play behavior and fear toward a predator odor in juvenile rats (Rattus norvegicus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122(1), 1–8.

  22See Mason, G.J., & Latham N.R. (2004). Can’t stop, won’t stop: is stereotypy a reliable animal welfare indicator? Abstract (13: pp. S57–69) from Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, The Old School, Brewhouse Hill, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire, AL4 8AN, UK.

  23Ibid.

  24See Grassian, S. (2006). Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement. Wash. UJL & Pol’y, 22, 325.

  Chapter Two

  25Ghent, E. (1990). Masochism, submission, surrender: Masochism as a perversion of surrender. Contemporary psychoanalysis, 26(1), 108–136.

  26See Tranel, D., Gullickson, G., Koch, M., & Adolphs, R. (2006). Altered experience of emotion following bilateral amygdala damage. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11(3), 219–232.

  See also, Feinstein, J. S., Adolphs, R., Damasio, A., & Tranel, D. (2011). The human amygdala and the induction and experience of fear. Current Biology, 21(1), 34–38.

  27See LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. M. (1990). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 10(4), 1062–1069.

  28See Adolphs, R. (2013). The biology of fear. Current Biology, 23(2), R79–R93.

  29See LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. M. (1990). The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 10(4), 1062–1069.

  30See Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The archeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York: Norton & Company.

  31 Amis, M. (1996) The Information. London: Vintage.

  32See Frijda, N. H. (1987). Emotion, cognitive structure, and action tendency. Cognition and emotion, 1(2), 115–143.

  33See Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The archeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York: Norton & Company.

  34Watts, A. (2011). The wisdom of insecurity: A message for an age of anxiety. (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Vintage Books. (Original work published 1951)

  35See Corrigan, F.M. (2014). Defense responses: Frozen, suppressed, truncated, obstructed, and malfunctioning. In Lanius, U. F., Paulsen, S. L., & Corrigan, F. M. (Eds.), Neurobiology and treatment of traumatic dissociation: Towards an embodied self. (Kindle edition. pp. 131–152). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

  Chapter Three

  36 Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric, 153

  37 See Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Collaris, R. (1997). Common childhood fears and their origins. Behaviour research and therapy, 35(10), 929–937.

  38See Hall, G. S. (1907). Youth: Its education, regimen, and hygiene. Comet Content Providers.

  39See Suddendorf, T. (2013). The Gap: The science of what separates us from other animals. New York, NY: Basic Books.

  See also Shipman, P. (2015). The invaders. How humans and their dogs drove Neanderthals to extinction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

  40See Antunes A, Troyer JL, Roelke ME, Pecon-Slattery J, Packer C, et al, 2008

  41See Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about danger and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 637–649.

  42Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about danger and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin p. 637

  43See Turner, M. (2006). Prologue. In Turner, M. (Ed.) The artful mind: Cognitive science and the riddle of human creativity (pp. xv-xvi). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

  44 See Hublin, J. J. (2005). Evolution of the human brain and comparative paleoanthropology. In Dehaene, S., Hauser, M. D., Duhamel, J. R., & Rizzolatti, G. (Eds.), From monkey brain to human brain: A Fyssen Foundation symposium (pp. 57–71). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

  See also Wilson, P. J. (1988). The domestication of the human species. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

  45See Hublin, J. J. (2005). Evolution of the human brain and comparative paleoanthropology. In Dehaene, S., Hauser, M. D., Duhamel, J. R., & Rizzolatti, G. (Eds.), From monkey brain to human brain: A Fyssen Foundation symposium (pp. 57–71). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

  46See Binsted, G., Brownell, K., Vorontsova, Z., Heath, M., & Saucier, D. (July 31, 2007). Visuomotor system uses target features unavailable to conscious awareness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(31), 12669–12672.

  47See Schaller, M. (2014, Oct). When and how disgust is and is not implicated in the behavioral immune system. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 8(4) pp. 251–256.

  48See Leslie, A.M. & Frith, U. (1988). Autistic children’s unders
tanding of seeing, knowing and believing. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 315–324, The British Psychological Society.

  49Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago press.

  50Pinker, S. (2007). The stuff of thought: Language as a window into human nature. Penguin. pp. 242–243.

  51See Humphrey, N. (2002). The inner eye. Oxford University Press on Demand. p. 76.

  Chapter Four

  52See Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford press.

  53See Panksepp, J. & Biven, L. (2012). The archeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions. New York: Norton & Company.

  54See Ngui, P. W. (1969). Koro epidemic in Singapore. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 3(3), 263–266.

  55 See Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford press.

  56See Yerkes, R. M. & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relationship of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459–482.

  57See Liddell, H. S. (1949). Adaptation on the threshold of intelligence.

  58See Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. (2nd ed.) New York, NY: Guilford press. P. 9

  59See Suddendorf, T. (2013). Mental time travel: continuities and discontinuities. Trends in cognitive sciences, 17(4), 151–152. Chicago.

  60 See Sibrava, N. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 239–256.

  61See Crouch, T. A., Lewis, J. A., Erickson, T. M., & Newman, M. G. (2017). Prospective investigation of the contrast avoidance model of generalized anxiety and worry. Behavior therapy, 48(4), 544–556.

  62See Sibrava, N. J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2006). The cognitive avoidance theory of worry. Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment and treatment, 239–256.